Landau levels

Landau levels are the distinct energy states that electrons occupy when they're trapped in a strong magnetic field, causing them to move in circular orbits rather than freely through space. Think of them like the rungs of a ladder—electrons can only sit at specific energy levels, and they jump between these levels when they absorb or release energy. This quantum phenomenon is fundamental to understanding how materials behave in powerful magnetic fields and underlies technologies ranging from quantum computers to certain types of superconductors.