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Disgraced scientist’s century-old ideas about evolution may have been right

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Evolutionary biologyLamarckism

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This article examines the controversial legacy of zoologist Paul Kammerer, whose career ended in 1926 following the discovery that a specimen of midwife toads had been fraudulently manipulated. One hundred years after the scandal that preceded his death, the piece argues that despite the fraud that sealed his fate, Kammerer's scientific ideas about inheritance and evolution warrant contemporary reconsideration. The article reflects on how the specimen manipulation controversy overshadowed his broader scientific contributions.


The reassessment of historical scientific controversies can provide valuable perspective on how the scientific community handles fraud and evaluates ideas that challenge prevailing paradigms. Understanding Kammerer's work in modern context may offer insights relevant to current debates in evolutionary biology and epigenetics.


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Nature, Published online: 14 September 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02851-4

After an eventful life in the limelight, the discovery of a manipulated specimen preceded the biologist’s death. Questions about his findings remain.

Source: Fraud sealed the fate of controversial zoologist Paul Kammerer — 100 years on, his ideas deserve revisiting