Chemistry

Scientists discover hidden pathway showing how crystals actually form

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Researchers used 3D atomic imaging techniques to observe the formation of crystal nuclei at the atomic scale, revealing that the actual process differs from predictions made by classical nucleation theory developed a century ago. The study challenges a fundamental equation that has been supported by thousands of experiments, showing that crystal formation follows a previously unknown pathway when observed at the atomic level.


Understanding the precise mechanisms of phase transitions like crystallization and freezing could lead to improvements in materials science, drug development, and manufacturing processes where controlling crystal formation is critical. This finding may require revision of theoretical models used across chemistry, physics, and materials engineering.


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The most common scientific approach for thinking about how condensation, freezing and other phase transitions begin is based in classical nucleation theory, which was developed about a century ago. Thousands of experiments have supported a key equation describing how initial ordered seeds, called nuclei, form within disordered matter.

Source: 3D atomic imaging reveals a new pathway to crystal formation