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The pig in the python: US decennial labor flows and economic opportunity, 1910–2040

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Baby boomDemographicsLabor market

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This study examines how the large baby boom cohort affected economic opportunities as it moved through the US labor market from the 1970s onward, analyzing decennial labor flows spanning 1910 to 2040. The research finds that while the oversized boomer generation did suppress economic conditions for its own members upon entering the workforce, the relative cohort size hypothesis proposed by Richard Easterlin was not validated in the way originally predicted. The analysis extends projections forward to 2040, allowing assessment of how cohort size dynamics continue to shape labor market opportunity across generations.


Understanding how cohort size influences wages, employment, and opportunity can inform workforce policy, pension planning, and immigration strategy as demographic structures continue to shift. These findings are particularly relevant for anticipating the economic consequences of smaller generations following the boomers and the long-term effects of demographic aging.


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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceThe large size of the baby boom cohort depressed economic opportunities for that generation as it flooded the labor force in the 1970s. Contrary to the predictions of Richard Easterlin’s relative cohort size hypothesis, however, there was no …

Source: The pig in the python: US decennial labor flows and economic opportunity, 1910–2040